Clean Energy: A Path Towards Sustainable Development

Over recent years, the shift towards renewable energy has gained momentum as a key strategy in combating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Fossil fuels, known for leading global warming contributors are gradually being replaced by cleaner, more sustainable energy options. This transition aligns with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7, which aims to ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services.

Energy is a fundamental necessity in our daily lives, powering everything from transportation and food preparation to industrial manufacturing and household lighting. The critical question is the source of this energy, particularly across different sectors that are essential to our livelihoods. The goal of SDG 7 is not just to identify alternative energy sources but it’s to ensure they are universally accessible, affordable, and reliable.

Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, and hydro have been increasingly utilized to ensure widespread access to energy. Countries like Sweden are pioneering innovations by converting solid waste into energy, thus reducing waste and improving energy accessibility. Remarkably, Sweden generates 95% of its energy from renewable sources, showcasing the feasibility of a sustainable energy future.

On the other hand, Japan is exploring energy production from algae, which benefits both energy generation and marine ecosystems by mitigating algae blooms in water bodies. Iceland continues to innovate in the renewable energy sector by exploring ways to export its renewable energy expertise and technology to other nations. For example, Icelandic companies are involved in geothermal projects worldwide, sharing their knowledge and experience in harnessing geothermal energy. It is also investigating the potential of green hydrogen production. In this, Iceland aims to create a new, sustainable energy export that could further reduce global dependence on fossil fuels.

Developing nations face unique challenges in transitioning to renewable energy. In 2020, only 9% of all energy generated in Africa came from renewable sources, with 6.8% of this from hydropower. This highlights a significant opportunity for researchers and policymakers to explore and harness the continent’s geophysical potential for renewable energy.

Morocco in Northern Africa has made diverse efforts in this transition too with the most ambitious project; the Noor Ouarzazate Solar Complex, the largest Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plant in the world which is located in the Sahara Desert, the complex covers over 3,000 hectares and has a total capacity of 580 megawatts (MW). Morocco has also invested heavily in wind energy, with the Tarfaya Wind Farm being a prominent example and the Bin El Ouidane Dam, located in the Atlas Mountains, is one of the country's largest hydropower projects. With a capacity of 135 MW, it not only provides electricity but also supports irrigation and water supply in the region.

Kenya serves as a promising example, with 90% of its energy production coming from renewable sources as of 2024. However, this still contributes only marginally to the continent’s renewable energy mix. By leveraging local resources and combining the expertise of researchers and policymakers, African nations can improve the affordability and accessibility of clean energy.

Different regions in Africa can capitalize on their unique geographical advantages to boost renewable energy production. North African countries, with access to the River Nile, are well-positioned to enhance hydropower and wind energy projects. South Africa, a major coal user, needs to focus on reducing coal dependency and investing in renewable alternatives. East and Central African nations should explore local renewable energy sources rather than relying on imported fossil fuels.

To promote the transition to green energy, incentivizing renewable energy sources is crucial. Policies like feed-in tariffs can encourage households to contribute to the national grid, fostering a more sustainable energy landscape. Collaboration among all sectors and stakeholders is essential to achieve the transition to clean, affordable, and accessible energy services.

The journey towards achieving SDG 7 is complex and multifaceted, requiring concerted efforts from governments, the private sector, researchers, and local communities. By embracing renewable energy innovations and leveraging regional strengths, we can make significant strides towards a sustainable and energy-secure future. The examples of Sweden, Japan, and Kenya illustrate that with the right measures and commitment, a transition to renewable energy is not only possible but imperative for the health of our planet and the well-being of future generations.